演化经济学诸多含义(霍奇逊).docVIP

演化经济学的诸多含义（霍奇逊） [信息来源:译者：洪福海；译审：孟 捷] 摘要：本文首先采用三个标准对演化经济学和演化经济学家做了划分：1、本体论标准：是否接纳新事象；2、方法论标准：接受还是反对还原论；3、隐喻标准：是否广泛地使用生物学隐喻。在此标准基础上作者提出了NEAR（意为：接纳新事象并反还原论的）演化经济学才是真正的演化经济学。在批评还原论的局限的基础上，本文引入了突现和新事象的概念，并对新事象与内生性、新事象与数学形式化、新事象与突现的关系作了讨论。凭藉突现的概念，本文力图对自由意志论与决定论的古老两难给出解答。本文还指出，新事象的引入和对还原论的抛弃都必须倚赖突现的概念，突现是社会经济系统演化过程的中心特征。最后对NEAR演化经济学的先驱凡勃伦、康芒斯、霍布森、米契尔和凯恩斯分别作出简要的评论。 Abstract: Firstly, this paper attempts to classify the various approaches to ‘evolutionary economics’ regarding to three criteria:the ontological criterion – novelty, the methodological criterion – reductionism, and the metaphorical criterion – biology. These three binary criteria give eight possible classifications, two out of which are referred to as ‘NEAR’ (Novelty-Embracing and Anti-Reductionist) Evolutionary Economics, which is the focus of this paper. Secondly, after a short critique on the limits of reductionism, the concepts of emergence and novelty are introduced.Those relationship between novelty and endogeneity, between novelty and formalism, and between novelty and emergence are discussed respectively. On the basis of the concept emergence, the author tries to find a way out of the old dilemma between ‘free will’ and determinism. Also it is argued that both the embracing of novelty and the rejection of reductionism depend crucially on the concept of emergence, thus the concept of emergence is the central characteristic of evolutionary processes in socio-economic systems. At the end, the author has brief comments on the precedents for the NEAR stance, such as Veblen, Commons, Hobson, Mitchell and Keynes. 目前，在“演化经济学”这个学科内部出现的种种理论进路（approaches）令人眼花缭乱，它们都在应用演化经济学这个术语。从中我们至少可以辨认出六个主要的学术群体[1]： ·凡勃伦（Thorstein Veblen，1898a）主张一种“演化的”和“后达尔文主义的”经济学。凡勃伦和康芒斯(John Commons)传统下的制度主义者往往将他们的研究称为“演化经济学”，虽然他们经常是将“制度的”和“演化的”这两个概念作为事实上的同义语使用，这从美国背景的制度主义的“演化经济学学会”的名称中可见一斑。 ·熊彼特（Joseph Schumpeterv,1976,p.82)曾有将资本主义的发展形容为“演化的进程”的著名论断。而国际熊彼特学会出版的刊物名为《演化经济学杂志》，亦足以证明熊彼特的追随者们的研究也