涉海英语听说翻译.docVIP

Unit one A. 渔业共同管理被界定为：在管理渔业中政府和地方渔民社区共同担当责任和分享权力。面对可用资源的不确定性，组织成员愿意平衡个人资源利用的部分利益，以共同保证用更为公平、可持续的方式来利用资源。然而，排他性和减缓性两个问题通常会在个人和公有经济理性中产生分歧，这种分歧会导致“公地悲剧”，一种特定地发生在缺乏资源财产权的情形。 在建立共同管理体系中，管理渔业的重大责任和权力的授权可能是最艰难的任务之一。尽管政府愿意更多的渔民参与管理，但他们必须建立相应的权力和机构，并将其部分权力移交给渔民。政府资源部的管理者通常不愿意与当地渔民共享权力。许多管理者担忧其政治权力的缺失，或是担忧对其职业及科学领地的侵犯。渔民需要承担其责任使管理者们相信他们具有管理当地资源的能力。在共同管理中的任何情况中，政府拥有最终的权力。 B. The concept of sustainable development encompasses environmental, economic and social issues of development. Sustainable development stresses education and awareness raising. These enable the individual to make decisions on the best way forward, from an environmental, economic and social viewpoint, in order to benefit both the present and future communities. Sustainable development is about allowing decisions to be made at “grassroots level” and enabling the local population to participate in the process. The search for sustainable, efficient, and equitable ways for managing fisheries has been a long and difficult process. The conventional approach for managing fisheries is that the state parcels out rights and establishes regulations of use for the fishermen, which greatly reduced the capacity of local fishing communities to manage coastal resources, and to provide a minimal role for the fishermen to participate in the management of the resource. Consequently, this convention has resulted in antagonism between government and fishermen. Co-management of fisheries has become an alternative to handle problems of global management of fisheries. Co-management is expected to effectively address some of the problems of fishery overexploitation, limited fisherman participation, and conflicts among the different groups of resource users. Unit two A. 基于生态系统的管理是一种超越了孤立地审查单一争端、物种或生态系统功能的一种手段。相反，它承认生态系统本来的样子：一个多要素以非常重要的方式相互作用的丰富的混合体。这对海洋和海岸带尤为重要。例如，一种具有商业价值的鱼类一生中可能依赖一定范围的相隔较远的栖息地，这取决于它是小鱼还是成鱼、捕食、产卵还是迁徙。它需要在合适的时间到达栖息地，并且能够得到充足的食物、清洁的水还有居所。 健康的海洋和海岸带生态系统在提供旅游和海岸线保护的同时也提供许多有价值的服务。从食品安全，经济增长和娱乐资源来看，当陆地和海洋物种的消失越来越