英语第一章阅读gametheory原文及翻译.docx

game theory is the science of strategy. It attempts to determine mathematically and logically the actions that “players” should take to secure the best outcomes for themselves in a wide array of “games.” The games it studies range from chess to child rearing and from tennis to takeovers. But the games all share the common feature of interdependence. That is, the outcome for each participant depends on the choices (strategies) of all. In so-called zero-sum games the interests of the players conflict totally, so that one person’s gain always is another’s loss. More typical are games with the potential for either mutual gain (positive sum) or mutual harm (negative sum), as well as some conflict.都具有相互依赖的共同特征。也就是说，每个参与者的结果取决于所有人的选择（策略）。在所谓的零和游戏中，玩家的利益是完全冲突的博弈论是战略的科学。它试图从数学和逻辑上确定“玩家”应采取的行动，以确保他们在各种“游戏”中获得最佳成果。所研究的游戏包括从国际象棋到儿童饲养，从网球到收购。但是这些游戏，所以一个人的收益总是另一个人的损失。更典型的是有相互收益（正数）或相互伤害（负数）的博弈，以及一些冲突。Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician john von Neumann. In the early years the emphasis was on games of pure conflict (zero-sum games). Other games were considered in a cooperative form. That is, the participants were supposed to choose and implement their actions jointly. Recent research has focused on games that are neither zero sum nor purely cooperative. In these games the players choose their actions separately, but their links to others involve elements of both competition and cooperation.博弈论由普林斯顿数学家约翰·冯·诺曼先生开创。早期的重点是纯粹的冲突游戏（零和游戏）。其他比赛以合作形式考虑。也就是说，参与者应该共同选择和实施他们的行动。最近的研究集中在既不是零和也不是纯合作的游戏。在这些游戏中，玩家分别选择他们的行为，但他们与其他人的联系涉及竞争与合作的要素。Games are fundamentally different from decisions made in a neutral environment. To illustrate the point, think of the difference between the decisions of a lumberjack and those of a general. When the lumberjack decides how to chop wood, he does not expect the wood to fight back; his environment is neutral. But when the general tries to cut down the enemy’s army, he must anticipate and overcome resistance to his plans. Like the general, a ga