抗掠食行为antipredatorbehavior-国立台南大学.pptVIP

Ayo 教材 (動物行為學 2010) 抗掠食行為(Antipredator behavior)─動物行為學 (Ethology) 鄭先祐(Ayo) 國立 臺南大學 環境與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系 教授 12 抗掠食行為 (Antipredator behavior) Camouflage (偽裝) Polymorphism (多型性) Warning coloration (警告色) Batesian mimicry (擬態) Diverting coloration, structures, and behavior Intimidation (恫嚇 ) and fighting back Pronouncement of vigilance (警戒) Group defense Maintenance of antipredator behavior California yellow-legged frogs cuttlefish (烏賊) Garter snake were first offered pieces of fish on aposematic (yellow and black) or on nonaposematic (green) forceps. The snakes were then made ill by an injection of lithium chloride. The post-treatment attack latencies to (a) pieces of fish or (b) earthworms indicate that snakes in the aposematic treatment group had a stronger aversion to fish than did snakes in the nonaposematic treatment group. Hoverflies (食蚜蠅)是食蚜蠅科（Syrphidae）的昆蟲。牠們經常會停留在花朵上，成年的食蚜蠅主要吃花蜜及花粉，而幼蟲則吃不同種類的食物。一些物種的幼蟲是腐生生物，吃腐化的植物及動物。另外一些物種的幼蟲是食蟲動物，獵食蚜蟲、牧草蟲及其他吮食植物的昆蟲。已知有約6000種共200屬的食蚜蠅。牠們在世界各地都很普遍，除了南極洲外，各大洲都可以找到牠們的蹤跡。 An opossum playing dead. Hognose snakes (豬鼻蛇) The hognose snake is a type of colubrid snake (無毒蛇類) characterized by an upturned snout. They are notorious for playing dead(裝死) when threatened. Intimidation displays in several species of animals. peacock butterfly (美眼蛺蝶)，鱗翅目、錘角亞目，蛺蝶科。是香港一種常見的蝴蝶。 kit foxes Timber rattlesnakes Stotting is when a quadruped jumps into the air, lifting all four feet off the ground simultaneously. Dwarf mongooses (侏獴) The tendency for prey individuals to form large groups and thereby dilute their chances of becoming the next victim by be countered by the tendency by their predators . Predatory lady bird beetles gather in larger number at aphid colonies that contain the most individuals. Optimal positions Optimal positions within a school are also affected by Foraging efficiency: those in the front see the food first Energetics of locomotion: fish in the front have more “drag” Marine iguanas 問題與討論 Summary Other defenses o