[PPT模板]第4章 计划工作的基础.pptVIP

Some plans that managers develop are ongoing, while others are used only once. A single-use plan is a one-time plan specifically designed to meet the needs of a unique situation. In contrast, standing plans are ongoing plans that provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly. * In the traditional approach, planning is done entirely by top-level managers who often are assisted by a formal planning department, a group of planning specialists whose sole responsibility is to help write the various organizational plans. Under this approach, plans developed by top level managers flow down through other organizational levels, much like the traditional approach to goal setting. * A manager’s analysis of the external environment may be improved by environmental scanning, which involves screening large amounts of information to detect emerging trends. One of the fastest-growing forms of environmental scanning is competitive intelligence, which is accurate information about competitors that allows managers to anticipate competitors’ actions rather than merely react to them * Entrepreneurship is the process of starting new businesses, generally in response to opportunities. Entrepreneurs create entrepreneurial ventures organizations that pursue opportunities, are characterized by innovative practices, and have growth and profitability as their main goals * On the other hand, a small business is an independent business having fewer than 500 employees that doesn’t necessarily engage in any new or innovative practices and that has relatively little impact on its industry. A small business isn’t necessarily entrepreneurial because it’s small. To be entrepreneurial means that the business is innovative and seeking out new opportunities * The most important thing that an entrepreneur does in planning the venture is developing a business plan—a written document that summarizes a business opportunity and defines and articulates how the identified opportunity is to be seized