抗生素的循环-“进化军备竞赛”（英文PPT）Antibiotic cyclingPPT.ppt

A solution to the evolutionary arms race? Presented by Alexandra Roland;;An “evolutionary arms race” is an evolutionary struggle between competing sets of co-evolving genes that develop adaptations and counter-adaptations against each other, resembling an arms race. The term has been used more and more for the battle between bacteria and antibiotics. An example of a co-evolving gene set is a parasite and its host. In recent years, many bacteria and diseases have been evolving faster than humans can create new antibiotics to treat them.;What are antibiotics?;Antimicrobial ResistanceHistory;Relevant Definitions;Increasing Trend of Penicillin Resistance in US;E. Coli have become increasingly resistant to antibiotic treatment;Diseases connected with antimicrobial resistance ;How bad is it?;Perpetual research and development has become necessary to find new antibiotics to maintain a pool of effective drugs While the development of resistant strains is inevitable, the speed and scale of development has been aggravated by the practices we use to distribute antibiotics Variations in resistance exist among different countries, due at least in part to individual antimicrobial use patterns ;Antibiotic Cycling: Basics;Evolution of Bacteria;Mutations are central to the growth of antibiotic resistance;/i_mechanism.html;Methods;Results;Solutions to Over-Prescription;A study was done in the LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City the first year they used an automated antibiotic consultant, which helps physicians quickly receive culture results, antibiotics patients are currently on, and antibiotics they have been exposed to Huge improvements were made in limiting over prescription, leading to excessive dosing 87 times, versus 405 times in the previous two years. Patients received an average of 4.7 fewer doses and their antibiotic expenses decreased by about $81 per patient;Other Reasons for Development of Antibiotic Resistance Beyond Over-Prescribing;Current Studies ;Future of Antibiot