S2 WST C2 当代社会学理论 课件.pptVIP

Marxism in post-war Francefrom Sartre to Althusser 西方当代社会学理论 The transformation of existentialism and the rise of structuralism Outline I. Sartre 萨特 and existentialism 存在主义 Sartre’s original formulation: consciousness, choice, and liberty From the individual to society: Sartre’s Marxism II. The structuralist 结构主义 challenge Lévi-Strauss’s 列维-斯特劳斯 conception of the human sciences III. Althusser’s 阿尔都塞 rise within Western Marxism Against humanism 人道主义 and historicism 历史主义 A new structural system of social thought The production of ideology IV. Conclusions Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) Educated as a philosophy teacher and scholar at the Ecole Normale Supérieure 巴黎高等师范学校 Influenced by Descartes’s 笛卡尔 cogito (“我思故我在”) Inspired by contemporary German philosophy, including Husserl’s 胡塞尔 phenomenology 现象学 and Heidegger 海德格尔 Two major theoretical works: Being and Nothingness 存在与虚无 (1943) The Critique of Dialectical Reason 辩证理性批判 (1960) Also a playright, novelist, biographer, literary theorist, journalist, essayist, pampleteer, … Left-wing political engagement Notion of intellectuel engagé (committed intellectual) Foundation of Les Temps Modernes in 1945《现代》 Move towards Marxism in the 1950s (“an anti-communist is a dog”) Refused the Nobel Prize in 1964 Sartre’s early existentialism “Existence precedes essence”存在先于本质 Example of the paperknife “We mean that man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world – and defines himself afterwards. […] he is what he wills, and as he conceives himself after already existing – as he wills to be after that leap towards existence. Man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself. […] man is, before all else, something which propels itself towards a future and is aware that it is doing so. Man is, indeed, a project which possesses a subjective life, instead of being a kind of moss, or a fungus or a cauliflower.” consciousness is being for-itself 自为存在, whereas consciousness’ environmen