港口发展指南外文中英文翻译.doc

港口发展指南外文翻译 外文翻译 原文 Guide-lines for port development Material Source:Intereconomics Author: P. E. Stonhem Circumstances within the last decade have combined to force a review of the economic operations of ports. Technological change in ship- ping has brought about the introduction of container and unitized ships to carry containerized and unitized general cargo. These ships and their specialized cargo-handling requirements have necessitated considerable port investment in new berthing and cargo-moving facilities. This revolution in shipping general cargo has also caused closer integration of sea and land transport via the common unit of transport-the container. Ship owners have increased their commercial interests in road transport to imize gains from faster through cargo transport. The average size of new buildings of bulk carriers and tankers has greatly increased, requiring deeper port approaches and larger accommodation. Bulk handling rates have been improved by the introduction of more efficient bulk-handling equipment in ports. Apart from the quality of port investments, changes in trade flows have caused changes in the volume of port trade and traffic, requiring increases in port facilities Consequently, in the 1960% governments have become much more closely concerned with the costs and conditions of shipping their export and import trade and with minimizing port costs and imizing cargo throughput in ports Criteria for Development The most common approach to the development of ports, and that adopted in the past by port authorities, is what would currently be called the Operations Research approach. Port projects are evaluated, on this basis, by studying current and forecast cargo volume and shipping traffic flows in a period together with the distribution of shipping calls over the period so as to calculate port and berth usage. If new projects are being contemplated because of the need to service new types of vesse