妇产科研究生英语题.doc

妇产科学专业研究生专业英语考试题 Introduction Endometriosis represents a common gynecological condition reaching 5%-15% of childbearing age women and up to 3%-5% of post-menopausal women. The number of women with endometriosis is estimated to be seven million in the USA, being one of the main causes for gynecological hospitalization in industrialized countries. This disease is defined by the presence of stromal and/ or endometrial glandular epithelium implants in extra-uterine location4, possibly compromising several sites, including ovaries, peritoneum, uterosacral ligaments, retrocervical area, rectovaginal septum, rectum/sigmoid, terminal ileum, vermiform appendix, urinary bladder, and ureters. Some patients with endometriosis are asymptomatic; however, most of them have clinical complaints in different intensities, with the main ones being dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, deep dyspareunia, cyclic bowel and urinary symptoms, such as pain or bleeding on defecation or urination during the menstrual period. Among other factors, occasional nonspecificity of the clinical picture and the noncorrelation between symptoms and disease severity can explain the delay in endometriosis diagnosis. A number of aspects of the disease are still study targets, with the search of the etiopathogenesis standing out, considering that if the reason for the endometriosis focus development is understood, directing efforts to improve diagnosis and treatment will be possible. Two main etiopathogenic hypothesis lines of thought have been cited for almost one century: coelomic metaplasia theory, where mesothelium turns into endometrial tissue; retrograde menstruation theory, postulating the implant of endometrial cells from menstrual blood reflux through the Fallopian tubes into the abdominal cavity15, occurring under the influence of a favorable hormone environment and immunological factors which would not clear the cells out of the inappropriate site. Koninckx and Martin, in 1992, divi