TOEFL综合写作材料指称词及常用句型集锦.docVIP

（一）对材料的指称 The writer/ the author; the reading passage/ the reading material/ the writing/ the reading the speaker/ the lecturer/ the professor; the lecture/ the listening material （二）指代阅读材料中信息的抽象名词 reason; cause; basis; ground; motive; motivation example; instance; exemplar evidence; data; fact; proof; basis; foundation explanation for/of; account of definition; description; clarification; illustration; demonstration assumption; premise; presumption; supposition; postulation; hypothesis; guess; conjecture conclusion; belief; idea; opinion; judgment; view; notion; argument; theory issue; matter; topic; subject; concern; problem acknowledgement; observation; prediction statement; point advice; recommendation; appeal; proposal; plan; scheme benefit; advantage; improvement; （三）指代听解材料中信息的抽象名词 (further/closer/other) studies; researches (new) finding; discovery alternative explanation/theory counter-example/evidence allegation; claim objection; refutation remark; comment （四）对比相关信息 THE AUTHOR: discuss; introduce; argue; conclude; suggest; recommend; propose; appeal the passage： discusses/introduces/concludes/argues/ … THE SPEAKER: 1) point out; say; tell; put; 2) disagree with; disapprove; refute; rebut; reject; object to; oppose; counter; 3) doubt; question; challenge; 4) cite; mention; quote; refer to; 5) suggest; imply; put forward; 6) explain; exemplify; show; illustrate; 7) support; agree with; stand by; back (up) 听解材料与阅读材料中的观点不同时 听解材料更有可信度时的提法（比如提及a more recent study/ a closer observation）： Not as the passage puts it, … Unlike described in the passage, … Contrary to the passage, …/Quite the contrary, …/Quite the opposite, …/Just the opposite, …/By contraries, …/On the contrary, …/To the Contrary, … While/whereas the writer states…, the lecturer opposes the claim. The fact is …/The point is…/It turns out that… The speaker provides an alternative explanation of/for ... which the writer suggests is ... The lecture completely refuses the passage. Contrary to the beli