西方古典文化概论考试 关键点.docVIP

?Greek Architecture希腊建筑 ??? It has been said that captive Greece conquered victorious Rome, and, as we have seen, the Romans adopted many ideas in painting and sculpture from the Greeks．Roman temples were also strongly influenced by Greek prototypes. Greek columns were built in three styles: Doric, Ionic , Corinthian. ???Etruscans伊特拉斯坎人 Etruscans, who actually dominated early Rome and provided its kings. It is not known how the Etruscans came to occupy the northern territory of Italy. They are not of Indo-European origin and they most likely came from the Near East if not the orient . I many respects, the culture of the Etruscans was very similar to that of Mycenae in Greece. Their cities ,twelve in number ,were autonomous like the city-states of Archaic Greece and were combined in a loose organization which historians have referred to as the Etruscans Confederacy .As a people, the Etruscans played hard and worked hard. they were not a contemplative people, but were always busy . they were practical and realistic , which became a typical roman trait. The Roman Political system罗马政治体系 the and Roman system , like those of Athens and Sparta ,had three major political components, which tended to offset and balance each other. First were the executives, who were called consuls and had supreme civil and military authority. Second came the senate( meaning “council of elders”) an advisory body of elder statesmen and heads of clans. Third ,there were popular assemblies of citizens. Mainly three assemblies: the Assembly of Centuries, the Assembly of tribes, and the Assembly of Curiae. The? Struggle of the orders One of the most important aspect of the early history of the roman republic was the “The? Struggle of the orders”------a struggle(斗争) between the patricians(贵族们) and plebeians（贫民们）. The patricians were a small group of citizens representing less than 10 percent of Rome’s population. Greek sculpture in the 5th century B.C 希腊雕塑 Greek sculptors in the 5th century BC ha