组织行为学复习PPT.pptVIP

What Is Organizational Structure? (cont’d) Centralization The degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization. Formalization The degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized. Decentralization The degree to which decision making is spread throughout the organization. Why Do Structures Differ? – Strategy Innovation StrategyA strategy that emphasizes the introduction of major new products and services. Imitation StrategyA strategy that seeks to move into new products or new markets only after their viability has already been proven. Cost-minimization StrategyA strategy that emphasizes tight cost controls, avoidance of unnecessary innovation or marketing expenses, and price cutting. Why Do Structures Differ? – Size Characteristics of large organizations: More specialization More vertical levels More rules and regulations Size How the size of an organization affects its structure. As an organization grows larger, it becomes more mechanistic. Why Do Structures Differ? – Technology Characteristics of routineness (standardized or customized) in activities: Routine technologies are associated with tall, departmentalized structures and formalization in organizations. Routine technologies lead to centralization when formalization is low. Nonroutine technologies are associated with delegated decision authority. Technology How an organization transfers its inputs into outputs. Why Do Structures Differ? – Environment Key Dimensions- Capacity: the degree to which an environment can support growth. Volatility: the degree of instability in the environment. Complexity: the degree of heterogeneity and concentration among environmental elements. Environment Institutions or forces outside the organization that potentially affect the organization’s performance. 第十二章重点 组织文化的定义和特点 什么是社会化 What Is Organizational Culture? Characteristics: Innovation and risk taking Attention to detail Outcome orientation People orientation Team orienta