化学化工专业英语讲义3.docx

第二部分化学化工专业基础知识第二节Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry 一．The Need for Classification of Organic CompoundsThe field of organic chemistry is vast, for it includes not only the composition of all living organisms but also of a great many other materials that we use daily.It is physically impossible for one to study the properties of each of the hundreds of thousands of known organic compounds. Hence organic compounds with similar structural features are grouped into series or classes. Some of the classes of organic compounds are hydrocarbons, alcohols,aldehydes,ketones, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, carbohydrates, and proteins. Each of these classes of compounds is identified by certain characteristic structural features.hydrocarbons, 烃类，碳氢化合物alcohols, 醇类aldehydes, 醛类ketones, 酮类ethers, 醚类carboxylic acids, 羧酸esters, 酯类carbohydrates,糖类，碳水化合物1.HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded to each other by covalent bonds. Several series of hydrocarbons are known. These include the alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. alkanes, [‘?lkeinz]烷烃alkenes, [‘?lki:nz]烯烃alkynes, [‘?lkainz]炔烃aromatic hydrocarbons，芳香烃Classification of Hydrocarbons：1.1 Aliphatic compounds(脂肪烃)Rule A-1. Saturated Unbranched-chain Compounds and Univalent Radicals Rule A-2.Saturated Branched-chain Compounds and Univalent Radicals Rule A-3. Unsaturated Compounds and Univalent Radicals 1.1.1 Alkanes (CnH2n+2) Straight-Chain Alkanes“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。Common Transition Elememt：Fe : iron [ai?n] Mn : manganese [m??ɡ?,ni:s , m??ɡ?ni:z] Cu: copper [k?p?] Zn: zinc [zi?k] Hg: mercury [m?:kjuri] Ag: silver [silv?] Au: gold [ɡ?uld] 化合物的命名化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀：mono[m?n??] -、　di -、　tri [trai] -、　tetra [tetr?] –、　penta [pent?] -、　hexa [heks?] -、　hepta [hept?] -、　octa[?kt?] -、nona [n?un?] -、deca[d?k?]