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Aristotle heavily emphasizes the three basic elements in rhetoric: logos(逻辑), pathos(情感) and ethos(人格). 1.5 Some Roman rhetoricians and their theory (1) Cicero and his theory (2) Quintilian and his theory * Page * 1.?Classical rhetoric 2. Rhetoric in the Middle Ages 3. Rhetoric in the Renaissance 4. New Classic Rhetoric 5. Contemporary Rhetoric Contents of Chapter 2 Page * 1. Classical rhetoric (5th B.C – 5th A.D.) In the ancient times, rhetoric evolved as an important art, one that provided the orator with the forms, means, and strategies for persuading an audience of the correctness of the orators arguments. Rhetoric originates from the ancient Greece. It provides two necessary conditions for the classical rhetoric. 1.1 Necessary conditions of classical rhetoric (1) Greek Democracy : Democracy provides a necessary condition for the birth of classical rhetoric. The ancient Greeks(mainly the Athenians) were a unique people. They believed that individuals should be free as long as they acted within the laws of Greece. This allowed them the opportunity to excel any direction they chose. Individuality was the basis of their society. The ability to strive for excellence was what Athenians dearly believed in. (2) Great thinkers/ scholars: There are a lot of great thinkers/ scholars in the ancient Greece, such as Socrates(苏格拉底), Plato(柏拉图), and Aristotle(亚里士多德). Their great Words and thoughts are still taught in universities to this day. Most of them are great rhetoricians. Page * 1.2 The social and political organizations of Ancient Greece: (1) Polis or City-state: In 508 B.C., the city of Athens became one of the first polis, or one of the first city-states in ancient times. (2) Democracy and Council: In 508 B.C., Cleisthenes (克利斯提尼，他将索伦的立法改革制定成法律文件，通常被认为是雅典民主政治的创建者) instituted a new political organization whereby the citizens would take a more careful and more direct role in running the city-state. He called this new political organization “demokratia”, or demo