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1.Can We Know the Universe? - Reflections on a Grain of Salt Carl Sagan Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge. Its goal is to find out how the world works, to seek what regularities there may be, to penetrate to the connections of things - from sub-nuclear particles, which may be the constituents of all matter, to living organisms, the human social community, and thence to the cosmos as a whole. Our intuition is by no means an infallible guide. Our perceptions may be distorted by training and prejudice or merely because of the limitations of our sense organs, which, of course, perceive directly but a small fraction of the phenomena of the world. 与其说科学是一套知识体系倒不如说是一种思维方式。其目标是弄清世界如何运转，探求可能存在的规律，洞察事物之间的联系---从可能是构成万物的基本单位的亚核粒子到生命有机体及人类社会乃至整个宇宙之间的联系。我们的直觉是一点也不可靠的。由于教育和偏见，或者由于我们感觉器官的局限，我们的认知会出现偏差，我们的感觉器官只能直接感知世界上的一小部分现象。Even so straightforward a question as whether in the absence of friction a pound of lead falls faster than a grain of fluff was answered incorrectly by Aristotle and almost everyone else before the time of Galileo. Science is based on experiment, on a willingness to challenge old dogma, on an openness to see the universe as it really is. Accordingly, science sometimes requires courage-at the very least, the courage to question the conventional wisdom. 甚至像“在没有摩擦力的情况下，一磅铅是否要比一点绒毛下落得快”这样简单的问题，在伽利略之前的亚里士多德和几乎所有的人都回答错了。科学基于实验，基于勇于怀疑古训，基于渴求探索宇宙真理。因此，科学有时需要勇气，至少需要有敢于怀疑传统知识的勇气。But to what extent can we really know the universe around us? Sometimes this question is posed by people who hope the answer will be in the negative, who are fearful of a universe in which everything might one day be known. And sometimes we hear pronouncements from scientists who confidently state that everything worth knowing will soon be known - or even is already known. 我们对周围的世界能认识多少呢？有时那些提出这样问题的人希望得到否定的答案，他们害怕一个终将可能被完全认识的世界。有时这样的问题是一些科学家提出的，他们自信地宣称，一切值得我们认识的事物很快就会被认识，甚至已经被认识了。Let us approach a much more modest question: not whether we can know the univ