大学英语语法 lecture 4 5.ppt

句子成分之间的匹配和协调——一致关系 英语句子成分要求两个成分在人称和数方面协调配合的语言现象叫做句子成分之间的一致关系（concord）,一致关系主要主语和谓语动词在人称、数方面的一致。此外，人称代词与名词的数也要求协调一致。 利用句子成分间的一致关系，可以比较准确地把握相关成分间的逻辑关系与含义乃至推断这些部分的确切语义。 4.1代词的指代 4.1.1 that的指代作用 that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用those），后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。如  2.No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor. 此处that指代前面的bread. 4.1.2 one的指代作用 one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。 如：  A good writer is __ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way. [A] that [B] he [C] one [D] this  4.1.3 do的替代作用do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。 如： For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.  4.2 代词指代一致问题 代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致，或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致 4.2.1 指示代词的一致 指示代词that 和those 的用法之一是代替上文中的名词，此时，that和those 所对应的分别为单数形式的名词和复数形式的名词。 The diameter of this star is nearly ten times that of the Earth. 这颗恒星的直径差不多是地球直径的十倍。 Compare Chopin’s waltzes with those of today. 将肖邦的华尔兹舞曲同今天的华尔兹舞曲进 行比较。 4.2.2 人称代词的一致 人称代词应该与它在句中所对应的名词或代词在数、人称、性、格等方面保持一致。 Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.  这里he指代前面的person。 （人称的一致） It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.  这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。 This department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and I /me. ? 这里me必须用宾格形式。（格的一致） 4.2.3 不定代词的一致 1）当不定代词everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one 等作主语时，与其对应的人称代词的主格、宾格、和所有格形式，在正式文体中分别为he (or she ),him ( or her) 和his( or her ),在非正式文体中分别为they, them和their: 如： Anyone can do it if he or she tries / if they try. 如果大家都肯试试，人人都能做的。 If somebody calls, tell him or her / them I am out. 要是有人打电话来，告诉他/他们我出去了。 Has everyone finished his or her / their drink? 每个人都