Chapter12集体行动博弈.pdf

集体行动博弈 Collective-Action Games 第12章 Chapter 12 集体行动博弈 Collective-Action Games 到目前为止，我们考虑的博弈和策略环境通常只包括 两三个相互作用的参与者。 Until now, the games and strategic situation considered have usually included only two or three players interacting with one another. 但是许多社会、经济和政治的相互作用都是有许多参 与者同时参加的策略环境。 But many social, economic, and political interactions are strategic situations in which numerous players participate at the same time. 例：职业选择，投资计划，上班高峰路线选择，学习 E.g., career paths, investment plans, rush-hour commuting routes, study…… Slide 2 集体行动博弈 Collective-Action Games 在最一般形式中，这些多人博弈涉及到集体行动的问 题。 In the most general form, such many-player games concern problems of collective action. 如果其成员采取某一（些）特定行为，整个社会或集 体的目标可以最好地实现，但是这些行为不符合个别 成员的私人最大利益。 The aims of the whole society or collective are best served if its members take some particular action or actions, but these actions are not in the best private interests of those individual members. Slide 3 集体行动博弈 Collective-Action Games 换句话说，社会最优结果不是作为博弈的纳什 均衡自动实现的。 In other words, the socially optimal outcome is not automatically achievable as the Nash equilibrium of the game. 因而我们必须考察如何修正博弈以达到社会最 优结果，或者至少改进不令人满意的纳什均衡。 Therefore we must examine how the game can be modified to lead to the optimal outcome or at least to improve on the unsatisfactory Nash equilibrium. Slide 4 集体行动博弈 Collective-Action Games 集体行动博弈有三种形式： Collective-action games come in three forms: 囚徒困境 The prisoners’ dilemma 小鸡博弈 Chicken 保证博弈 Assurance game