经济博弈论_Chapter05.pdfVIP

纯策略同时博弈纯策略同时博弈IIII：：连续策略连续策略 和III：讨论与证据 SimultaneousSimultaneous--MoveMove GamesGames withwith PurePure Strategies II: Continuous Strategies and III:III: DiscussionDiscussion andand EvidenceEvidence 第5章 ChapterChapter 55 内容提要内容提要 Outline 连续纯策略同时博弈：例子 SimultaneousSimultaneous-MoveMove GamesGames withwith Continuous Pure-Strategies: ExamplesExamples 纳什均衡的经验证据与理论批判 Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Critique of the Nash Equilibrium 理性化 Ratinalizability Slide 2 离散与连续策略离散与连续策略 Discrete and Continuous Strategies 在一个离散策略的博弈中，每个博弈者只有少数几个 定义明确的招术定义明确的招术 （离散的行动集合离散的行动集合）可可选。 In a discrete strategy game, each player has a small number of well-defined plays (i.e., a discretediscrete setset ofof actions)actions) fromfrom whichwhich toto choosechoose.  足球里的罚点球 Soccer penalty kicks  囚徒困境 Prisoners’ dilemma 这样的博弈可以用博弈表来分析，至少在参与者人数 及其行为的个数不多时是如此。 SuchSuch gamesgames areare amenableamenable toto analysisanalysis withwith thethe use of a game table, at least for situations with a reasonable number of players and available actions. Slide 3 离散与连续策略离散与连续策略 Discrete and Continuous Strategies 在一个连续策略的博弈中，参与者从大范围的可能性， 也即本质上无限的集合中做出选择。 InIn aa continuouscontinuous strategystrategy gamegame, playersplayers choosechoose from a wide range of possibilities, a virtually infinite set of choices.  制造商选择产品价格 Manufacturers choose product prices  慈善家选择慈善捐款的数量  慈善家选择慈善捐款的数量 Philanthropists choose charitable contribution amounts  建筑承包商选择工程的投标价格建筑承包商选择工程的投标价格 Contractors choose project bid levels 在这些情形下，博弈表实际上就不能作为分析工具了。 IIn thhese cases, game tablbles bbecome viirtualllly u