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genetic 遗传学
Chapter 11
Chromosome Mutations
• Changes in chromosome number
• Chromosomal rearrangements
• Evolution of genomes
Aberrant chromosome constitutions of a normally diploid organism
Chromosome
Name Designation Constitution
number
Monoploid n ABC 3
Diploid 2n AABBCC 6
Triploid 3n AAABBBCCC 9
Tetraploid 4n AAAABBBBCCCC 12
Monosomic 2n-1 ABBCC 5
Trisomic 2n+1 AABBCCC 7
Changes in chromosome number
About 70% of the plant species can be
considered as polyploids.
Polyploidization is often used in plant
breeding.
Euploidy
Organisms with multiples of the basic
chromosome set are called euploid.
The size of epidermal leaf cells of tobacco
increases with the ploidy level.
Generating monoploid plants by tissue culture
Pollen (haploid) are grown in tissue culture in the presence of certain plant
hormones. Haploid embryoids develop that can be grown into mature monoploid
plants. Advantage for plant breeding?
The use of colchicine to generate a diploid from a monoploid.
Colchicine disrupts spindle fibre formation during mitosis, preventing the migration
of chromatids after the centromere is split. A single cell results that contains pair of
identical chromosomes that are homozygous at all loci.
The use of colchicine to generate a diploid from a monoploid.
Why are monoploid plants produced? Is there any genetic advantage?
Monoploids
Male bees, wasps and ants are monoploid. These males develop
parthogenetically from unfertilized eggs.
However, in most species, mono
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