genetic 遗传学.pdf

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genetic 遗传学

Chapter 11 Chromosome Mutations • Changes in chromosome number • Chromosomal rearrangements • Evolution of genomes Aberrant chromosome constitutions of a normally diploid organism Chromosome Name Designation Constitution number Monoploid n ABC 3 Diploid 2n AABBCC 6 Triploid 3n AAABBBCCC 9 Tetraploid 4n AAAABBBBCCCC 12 Monosomic 2n-1 ABBCC 5 Trisomic 2n+1 AABBCCC 7 Changes in chromosome number About 70% of the plant species can be considered as polyploids. Polyploidization is often used in plant breeding. Euploidy Organisms with multiples of the basic chromosome set are called euploid. The size of epidermal leaf cells of tobacco increases with the ploidy level. Generating monoploid plants by tissue culture Pollen (haploid) are grown in tissue culture in the presence of certain plant hormones. Haploid embryoids develop that can be grown into mature monoploid plants. Advantage for plant breeding? The use of colchicine to generate a diploid from a monoploid. Colchicine disrupts spindle fibre formation during mitosis, preventing the migration of chromatids after the centromere is split. A single cell results that contains pair of identical chromosomes that are homozygous at all loci. The use of colchicine to generate a diploid from a monoploid. Why are monoploid plants produced? Is there any genetic advantage? Monoploids Male bees, wasps and ants are monoploid. These males develop parthogenetically from unfertilized eggs. However, in most species, mono

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