combined toxic exposures and human health biomarkers of exposure and effect联合毒性暴露和人类健康暴露的生物标志物和效果.pdfVIP
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combined toxic exposures and human health biomarkers of exposure and effect联合毒性暴露和人类健康暴露的生物标志物和效果
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 629-647; doi:10.3390/ijerph8030629 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 /journal/ijerph Review Combined Toxic Exposures and Human Health: Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect Ilona Silins and Johan Högberg * Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; E-Mail: ilona.silins@ki.se * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: johan.hogb erg@ki.se; Tel.: +46-8-524-87503; Fax: +46-8-343849. Received: 14 January 2011 / Accepted: 21 February 2011 / Published: 24 February 2011 Abstract: Procedures for risk assessment of chemical mixtures, combined and cumulative exposures are under development, but the scientific database needs considerable expansion. In particular, there is a lack of knowledge on how to monitor effects of complex exposures, and there are few reviews on biomonitoring complex exposures. In this review we summarize articles in which biomonitoring techniques have been developed and used. Most examples describe techniques for biomonitoring effects which may detect early changes induced by many chemical stressors and which have the potential to accelerate data gathering. Some emphasis is put on endocrine disrupters acting via epigenetic mechanisms and on carcinogens. S
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