validation of walk score？ for estimating neighborhood walkability an analysis of four us metropolitan areas验证的步行指数估计的社区通过性分析四个美国大城市.pdfVIP

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 4160-4179; doi:10.3390/ijerph8114160 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 /journal/ijerph Article Validation of Walk Score® for Estimating Neighborhood Walkability: An Analysis of Four US Metropolitan Areas Dustin T. Duncan 1,2,*, Jared Aldstadt 3, John Whalen 3, Steven J. Melly 4 and Steven L. Gortmaker 1,2 1 Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Kresge Building 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mail: sgortmak@ 2 Harvard Prevention Research Center on Nutrition and Physical Activity, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215, USA 3 Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 105 Wilkeson Quad, Buffalo, NY 14261, USA; E-Mails: geojared@ (J.A.); whalenjf@ (J.W.) 4 Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center, 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02215, USA; E-Mail: sjmelly@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: dduncan@; Tel.: +1-617-384-8732; Fax: +1-617-384-8730. Received: 6 September 2011; in revised form: 27 October 2011 / Accepted: 1 November 2011 / Published: 4 November 2011 Abstract: Neighborhood walkability can influence ph