superior immunogenicity of inactivated whole virus h5n1 influenza vaccine is primarily controlled by toll-like receptor signalling优越的灭活全病毒h5n1流感疫苗的免疫原性主要是由toll样受体信号控制.pdfVIP

Superior Immunogenicity of Inactivated Whole Virus H5N1 Influenza Vaccine is Primarily Controlled by Toll- like Receptor Signalling 1 2 2 2 1 1 Felix Geeraedts , Nadege Goutagny , Veit Hornung , Martina Severa , Aalzen de Haan , Judith Pool , 1 2 1 Jan Wilschut , Katherine A. Fitzgerald , Anke Huckriede * 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, 2 Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America Abstract In the case of an influenza pandemic, the current global influenza vaccine production capacity will be unable to meet the demand for billions of vaccine doses. The ongoing threat of an H5N1 pandemic therefore urges the development of highly immunogenic, dose-sparing vaccine formulations. In unprimed individuals, inactivated whole virus (WIV) vaccines are more immunogenic and induce protective antibody responses at a lower antigen dose than other formulations like split virus (SV) or subunit (SU) vaccines. The reason for this discrepancy in immunogenicity is a long-standing enigma. Here, we show that stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system, in particular stimulation of TLR7, by H5N1 WIV vaccine is the prime determinant of the greater magnitude and Th1 polarization of the WIV-induced immune response, as compared to SV- or SU-induced responses. This TLR dependency largely explains the relative loss of immunogenicity in SV and SU vaccines. The natural pathogen-associated m