solutions to the cocktail party problem in insects selective filters, spatial release from masking and gain control in tropical crickets解决昆虫的鸡尾酒会问题的选择性过滤器,空间释放掩蔽和增益控制在热带蟋蟀.pdfVIP

Solutions to the Cocktail Party Problem in Insects: Selective Filters, Spatial Release from Masking and Gain Control in Tropical Crickets ¨ Arne K. D. Schmidt*, Heiner Romer Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Styria, Austria Abstract Background: Insects often communicate by sound in mixed species choruses; like humans and many vertebrates in crowded social environments they thus have to solve cocktail-party-like problems in order to ensure successful communication with conspecifics. This is even more a problem in species-rich environments like tropical rainforests, where background noise levels of up to 60 dB SPL have been measured. Principal Findings: Using neurophysiological methods we investigated the effect of natural background noise (masker) on signal detection thresholds in two tropical cricket species Paroecanthus podagrosus and Diatrypa sp., both in the laboratory and outdoors. We identified three ‘bottom-up’ mechanisms which contribute to an excellent neuronal representation of conspecific signals despite the masking background. First, the sharply tuned frequency selectivity of the receiver reduces the amount of masking energy around the species-specific calling song frequency. Laboratory experiments yielded an average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 28 dB, when masker and signal were broadcast from the same side. Secondly, displacing the masker by 180u from the signal improved SNRs by further 6 to 9 dB, a phenomenon known as spatial release from masking. Surprisingly, experiments carried out directly in the nocturnal rainforest yielded SNRs of about 223 dB compared with those in the laboratory with the same masker, where SNRs reached only 214.5 and 216 dB in bo