an overview of autophagy and yeast pseudohyphal growth integration of signaling pathways during nitrogen stress自噬的概述和酵母pseudohyphal增长的集成信号通路在氮气压力.pdfVIP

Cells 2012, 1, 263-283; doi:10.3390/cells1030263 OPEN ACCESS cells ISSN 2073-4409 /journal/cells Review An Overview of Autophagy and Yeast Pseudohyphal Growth: Integration of Signaling Pathways during Nitrogen Stress Qingxuan Song and Anuj Kumar * Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; E-Mail: qsong@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: anujk@; Tel.: +1-734-647-8060; Fax: +1-734-647-0884. Received: 9 May 2012; in revised form: 14 June 2012 / Accepted: 19 June 2012 / Published: 4 July 2012 Abstract: The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae responds to nutritional stress through the regulated activities of signaling pathways mediating autophagy and other conserved cellular processes. Autophagy has been studied intensely in yeast, where over 30 autophagy-related genes have been identified with defined roles enabling the formation of autophagic vesicles and their subsequent trafficking to the central yeast vacuole. Much less, however, is known regarding the regulatory mechanisms through which autophagy is integrated with other yeast stress responses. Nitrogen limitation initiates autophagy and pseudohyphal growth in yeast, the latter being a fascinating stress response characterized by the formation of multicellular chains or filaments of elongated cells. An increasing body of evidence suggests an interrelationship between proce