a battle lost report on two centuries of invasion and management of lantana camara l. in australia, india and south africa战争失去了两个世纪的入侵和管理报告马樱丹属卡马拉l .在澳大利亚、印度和南非.pdfVIP

A Battle Lost? Report on Two Centuries of Invasion and Management of Lantana camara L. in Australia, India and South Africa 1,2 2 2 1,2,3 2,4 Shonil A. Bhagwat *, Elinor Breman , Tarsh Thekaekara , Thomas F. Thornton , Katherine J. Willis 1 School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2 Biodiversity Institute, Oxford Martin School, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 3 Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 4 Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Abstract Recent discussion on invasive species has invigorated the debate on strategies to manage these species. Lantana camara L., a shrub native to the American tropics, has become one of the worst weeds in recorded history. In Australia, India and South Africa, Lantana has become very widespread occupying millions of hectares of land. Here, we examine historical records to reconstruct invasion and management of Lantana over two centuries and ask: Can we fight the spread of invasive species or do we need to develop strategies for their adaptive management? We carried out extensive research of historical records constituting over 75% of records on invasion and management of this species in the three countries. The records indicate that governments in Australia, India and South Africa have taken aggressive measures to eradicate Lantana over the last two centuries, but these efforts have been largely unsuccessful. We found that despite control measures, the invasion trajectory of Lantana has continued upwards and that post-war land-use change might hav