The Rules of the Game and Economic Systems（游戏规则和经济系统）.pdf

The Rules of the Game and Economic Systems I INTRODUCTION TO THE RULES OF THE GAME hether a society emphasizes the use of exchange, reciprocity or eminent The nature and Wdomain to allocate resources, “Any economic system requires a set of structure of the “rules of the rules, an ideology to justify them, and a conscience in the individual which game” help to makes him strive to carry them out.” (Robinson, p 13) This set of rules includes determine the informal institutions and values held by individuals as well as formal law. The characteristics of a society’s structure of the rules of the games shapes the society’s economic system. economic system. Neoclassical microeconomics does not often explicitly consider the nature of these rules and their relation to economic behavior. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Societies that fail to meet minimum subsistence requirements for its members become relics of the past. Ideally, an economy will produce more than necessary for subsistence and apply the additional output to improving the lives of the members of society through development and/or economic growth. The ideas of “progress,” economic development and economic growth came with the development of the commercial world that replaced the feudal society of the medieval world. An economic system consists of a matrix of social institutions (law, political An economic institutions, religion, etc), agents (individuals or actors), organizations system is a (corporations, unions, charitable org, not-for-profit firms, etc) and society. The matrix of principles, beliefs and values held by i