Spatial Analysis The University of Texas at Dallas（空间分析德州大学达拉斯）.pptVIP

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Spatial Analysis The University of Texas at Dallas（空间分析德州大学达拉斯）.ppt

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Spatial Analysis The University of Texas at Dallas（空间分析德州大学达拉斯）

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Non-uniformity of Space and Choropleth Maps Always normalize data if drawing a choropleth map By total population By geographic area Do not map “counts” unless population and/or geographic area are the same size for all observation units Failing to “normalize” is a very common mistakes made by non-professional GIS people You are professionals Do not make that mistake! Briggs Henan University 2012 * Edge or Boundary Effect Every study region has a boundary (unless you study the entire world!) You do not have data for outside your study region However, the outside data can affect the inside data if there is spatial autocorrelation Consequently, edges of the map, beyond which there is no data, can significantly effect results Use the toroid concept --bends the left edge to meet the right and the top to meet the bottom --uses all the data --assumes that there is no systematic spatial trend in data Solutions: Core study region Use Core/Periphery --analyze only the core --use edge only for “neighborhood” calculations --reduces amount of data available * Briggs Henan University 2012 periphery or guard area Spatial organization is usually important The results from a traditional regression analysis ignore how the observation units are organized spatially! Data from location near to each other are usually more similar than data from locations far away Must be considered in your analysis Also causes serious problems with traditional statistical hypotheses testing Spatial statistical models are essential Spatial Autocorrelation * Briggs Henan University 2012 What is the most common mistake in GIS analysis? Briggs Henan University 2012 * Much more basic than any discussed above. Single most common error in GIS Analysis --intending a one to one join of attribute data to spatial table --getting a one to many join of attribute data to spatial table Spatial After joining attribute to spatial data Hawaii 54