videoslide-基因体学讲义.PPT

Chapter 26 The Tree of LifeAn Introduction to Biological Diversity Lecture Outline-1: The Origin of Life ?1.Describe the four stages of the hypothesis for the origin of life on Earth by chemical evolution. ?2.Describe the contributions that A. I. Oparin, J.B.S. Haldane, and Stanley Miller made toward developing a model for the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules. ?3.Describe the evidence that suggests that RNA was the first genetic material. Explain the significance of the discovery of ribozymes. ?4.Describe how natural selection may have favored the proliferation of stable protobionts with self-replicating, catalytic RNA. Lecture Outline-2: Introduction to the History of Life ?5. Explain how the histories of Earth and life are inseparable. ?6. Explain how index fossils can be used to determine the relative age of fossil-bearing rock strata. ?7. Describe the major events in Earth’s history from its origin until 2 billion years ago. Describe when Earth first formed, when life first evolved, and what forms of life existed in each eon. ?8. Describe the mass extinctions of the Permian and Cretaceous periods. Discuss a hypothesis that accounts for each of these mass extinctions. Lecture Outline -3: The Major Lineages of Life 9.Describe how chemiosmotic ATP production may have arisen. 10.Describe the timing and significance of the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. 11.Explain the endosymbiotic theory for the evolution of the eukaryotic cell. Describe the evidence that supports this theory. 12.Explain how genetic annealing may have led to modern eukaryotic genomes. 13.Describe the timing of key events in the evolution of the first eukaryotes and later multicellular eukaryotes. 14.Explain how the snowball-Earth hypothesis. Explains why multicellular eukaryotes were so limited in size, diversity, and distribution until the late Proterozoic. 15.Describe the key evolutionary adaptations that arose as life colonized land. 16.Explain why R. H. Whittaker’s fiv