Beethoven个人简介和作品.docVIP

Beethoven个人简介和作品 Ludwig van Beethoven ( March 26, 1827) was a German composer. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest composers in the history of music, and was the predominant figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. His reputation and genius have inspired — and in many cases intimidated — ensuing generations of composers, musicians, and audiences. While primarily known today as a composer, he was also a celebrated virtuoso pianist and conductor, and an accomplished violinist. 　　Born in Bonn, Germany, he moved to Vienna, Austria, in his early twenties, and settled there, studying with Joseph Haydn and quickly gaining a reputation as a virtuoso pianist. In his late twenties he began to lose his hearing gradually, and yet he continued to produce notable masterpieces throughout his life, even when his deafness was almost total. Beethoven was one of the first composers who worked as a freelance — arranging subscription concerts, selling his compositions to publishers, and gaining financial support from a number of wealthy patrons — rather than being permanently employed by the church or by an aristocratic court. 　他的祖父原是荷 兰籍，移居德国后，曾任当地宫廷乐长。 父亲是个男高音歌手，母亲是宫廷御厨的女儿。 　　贝多芬生长的年代，正是约瑟夫二 世实行开明专制的时期，波恩的统治者也实行了一些改良的 措施。波恩成了当时德国启蒙运动的中心地之一。 　　贝多芬的幼年就是在这样的环境下成长起来的。但是，贝多芬童年很不幸福，嗜酒成癖的父亲败坏了家业，他企图把四岁的贝多芬变成摇钱树， 　　一心想让自己的儿子也成为莫扎特式的神童，因此他不只强迫孩子练琴，而且常常夜半三更酗酒回家后把孩子从熟睡中拖起来拉琴，不满八岁的贝多芬被强迫在寇恩的听众面前表演、卖艺，十一岁的贝多芬就开始在剧院的乐队里工作。这种严酷的童年生活，使贝多芬很早就走上了独立的以音乐谋生的道路，同时也就养成了他坚毅倔强的性格。 　　从1781年起，贝多芬在剧院工作的同时，跟乐队指挥奈弗学 习巴赫的《平均律钢琴曲》与作曲法。 　　奈弗是位很有修养、倾向 于启蒙运动的作曲家．指挥家，他对发展德国的民族歌剧、清唱 剧都曾有过贡献。 　　贝多芬通过向这位老师学习，认识到学习德国 民族音乐传统的重要，并在奈弗的引导下也接受了启蒙运动的影 响， 　　对德国当时的进步文学发生了浓厚的兴趣。 　　贝多芬作为钢琴家所具有的娴熟技巧给所有的人都留下了深刻的印象。他不仅是一名成功的演奏家，也是一位优秀的教师。 　　他不久就成为一名多产的作曲家。他的作品颇受欢迎，二十五六岁时就能轻而易举地把作品卖给出版商。 　　贝多芬将近而立之年时就有了失聪的先兆，这位年轻的作曲家为此不祥之兆而感到惴惴不安，这是可想而知的。一时间他竟想到了自杀。 　　贝多芬不断地谱写出大量的音乐作品。但是随着时光的流逝，他对当时音乐观众所喜闻乐听的音乐的关注日渐减少。但是他却在不断地获得成功。 　　贝多芬快到50岁时已经完全耳聋。结果他不再登台演出，甚至变得更加孤独怪癖。他并不象先前那样多产