纳米效应（Nanometer effect）.docVIP

纳米效应（Nanometer effect） Nano effect catalog surface effect Small size effect Macroscopic quantum tunneling effect Application of nanometer effect Classification of nanomaterials Nanotechnology memorabilia English Name: nm effect The nano is a unit of length, originally called nm, is 10^-9 meters (1 billion of a meter). Nano science and technology, sometimes referred to as nanotechnology, is the study of the properties and applications of structural dimensions in materials ranging from 1 to 100 nm. The nano effect refers to nano materials with physical, chemical or singular anomalous characteristics of traditional materials do not have, such as the original conductive copper to a nano boundary is not conductive, the original insulating silica, crystal, in a nanoscale limit to conductive. This is because nano materials with small particle size, large surface area, high surface energy, the proportion is large, and its unique three effects: surface effect, small size effect and macroscopic quantum tunneling effect. [edit this paragraph] surface effects The surface area of a spherical particle is proportional to the square of its diameter, and its volume is proportional to the cubic of its diameter, so its specific surface area (surface area / volume) is inversely proportional to its diameter. As the particle diameter becomes smaller, the specific surface area will increase significantly, indicating that the percentage of surface atoms will increase significantly. The diameter is greater than 0.1 micron particle surface effect can be ignored, when the size is smaller than 0.1 microns, the surface atoms increases rapidly, even the sum of 1 grams of ultrafine particle surface area up to 100 square meters, then the surface effect will not be ignored. The surface of ultrafine particles and large object is very different, if the metal ultrafine particles with high magnification electron microscopy (2*10^-3 micron diameter) for television camera, real-time observation found tha