病原体为疟原虫plasmodium.ppt

Figure 3. Cross-Cohort Differences in Income versus Malaria Figure 3. Cross-Cohort Differences in Income versus Malaria IV. Panel Estimates Cohorts born after eradication have higher income Two evidence Pooled regression Graph of cohort-specific between income and pre-campaign A. Pooled Regression Analysis j : area of birth , t :census year , k :year of birth B. Graphical Evidence: Cohort-Specific Estimates Malaria Eradication in the Americas: A RetrospectiveAnalysis of Childhood Exposure Hoyt Bleakley 圖片來源：Wikipedia 瘧疾分布 研究對象 探討20世紀最大規模的兩次消滅瘧疾運動 1920年代在美國南部實施 1950年代的全球大規模消滅瘧疾運動，主要是在巴西、哥倫比亞和墨西哥。 圖片來源：Wikipedia 瘧疾（Malaria） 寄生蟲疾病，病原體為瘧原蟲（Plasmodium） 單細胞真核生物，屬於細胞內寄生蟲 傳染媒介為瘧蚊 甘比亞按蚊 圖片來源：Wikipedia 生活史 圖片來源：CDC 惡性瘧原蟲 三日瘧原蟲 間日瘧原蟲 卵形瘧原蟲 Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale 圖片來源：Wikipedia 非洲 美洲 美洲 ＊重修蟲 會感染人類的四種瘧疾 瘧疾症狀 感冒症狀：發燒、頭痛、噁心、暈眩 破壞紅血球！ 貧血 中風 腎衰竭 血尿 黃疸 消滅瘧疾運動 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran （法國軍醫） Ronald Ross （英國醫師） 消滅瘧疾運動（1920） 20世紀初，美國佔領古巴、巴拿馬海峽 利用對瘧疾新的知識，成功控制瘧疾 隨即回來對付美國南方的瘧疾 噴殺蟲劑殺幼蟲 整理環境（水） 裝紗窗 奎寧（Quinine） 罹病率降低60% 消滅瘧疾運動（1950） 1941年，瑞士科學家在嘗試製作更厲害的樟腦丸時，無意間發明了DDT 超強殺蟲劑 1950年，WHO開始幫助拉丁美洲消滅瘧疾 到處噴DDT 殺病媒蚊 Malaria Malaria persists in tropical regions up to the present day Does malaria hold back economic progress? Sachs: yes, big time. Narrower (but still important!) question in this paper: Does childhood exposure to malaria inhibit learning and subsequent labor productivity. Why would we expect an effect? Research Question Childhood malaria ? Learning, Wages? How does this paper try to answer it? Examine large malaria eradication program in Americas (US South, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico) Eradication was suddenly possible for ‘exogenous’ reasons Compare people born before the eradication to people born after it → first difference Further compare across regions of counties in which pre-eradication malaria was high and low → second difference ‘Difference-in-differences’ Figure 1. Malaria Incid