英语泛读教程4 unit 17 Philosophy.pptVIP

Philosophy  transcendentalism幻灯片 8 Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality .existence ,knowledge, values, reason, mind and language. Etymology:The word philosophy comes from the Ancient Greek, φιλοσοφ?α (philosophia), which literally means love of wisdom Methodology: philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. Areas of inquiry : Logic Epistemology MetaphysicsMoral and political philosophy, Aesthetics Epistemology (Skepticism is the position which questions the possibility of completely justifying any truth Empiricism is the emphasis on observational evidence via sensory experience over other evidence as the source of knowledge. ) Rationalism is the emphasis on reasoning as a source of knowledge. . Rationalism claims that every possible object of knowledge can be deduced from coherent premises without observation. Modern rationalism begins with Descartes, I think, therefore I am Descartes (and also Locke) thinks that we are directly aware of ideas, rather than objects. Metaphysics Traditional branches of metaphysics include cosmology, the study of the world in its entirety, and ontology, the study of being. Intuition: Husserl /Bergson/ Schopenhauer/Fromm/ Hegel Transcendentalist Transcendentalism was in many aspects the first notable American intellectual movement. Rooted in the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant (and of German Idealism more generally), Vedic(veda吠陀经) thought, various religions a reaction against 18th Century rationalism, John Lockes philosophy of Sensualism, and the predestinationism of New England Calvinism Transcendentalists believed that society and its institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual. Believes in intuition/self –reliance Plato (427–347 BC) combined rationalism with a