美国文学第4章emerson,thoreau,.pptVIP

Chapter 4 Emerson Thoreau Enlightenment（启蒙运动）： The name applied to an intellectual movement which developed in Western Europe during the seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with the belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the remaining feudal traditions. It influenced lots of famous English writers especially those neoclassic writers, such as Alexander Pope. Transcendentalism special kind of philosophy appeared in the 1830s in US) (quite influential) Emerson’s Nature Tired of Franklin Summit of American Romanticism--idealism The transcendentalist Club, Dial, General Introduction A. Puritan heritageAt the end of the 18th century people gradually felt boring about the strict Calvinism. At the same time with the development of science and technology, Americans suspected the old religion. Thus, Unitarianism（唯一理教） appeared. It was a developed school from the Transcendentalism. It stressed continual progress of mankind rather than old religions mans total depravity”. It influenced Emerson. Emerson once was a preacher of Unitarianism, but he thought there were too many rituals in this religious school. Then he resigned from the position and sought a way for people to worship more freely. General Introduction Emerson also believed in individuality and the dream of making a Garden of Eden on earth held by old generation Puritans.From Jonathan Edwards Emerson inherited the ideas of inward communication with God and the divine symbolism of nature. General Introduction B. Foreign influenceGerman Philosophy, especially Kant（康德）Ancient Indian and Chinese works, such as Confucius and Mencius P.58 德国哲学的影响 德国十八世纪康德、费希特、谢林的唯心主义哲学对浪漫主义思潮的形成有重要的影响。德国的主观唯心主义哲学把心灵提高到客观世界创造主的地位，强调天才和独创性，灵感和主观能动性。费希特在1794年出版的《科学学》中建立了自己的主观唯心主义体系。他对自我的精神作用无限夸大，认为自我的精神是世界万物的创造者和源泉，外部世界屈从于“我”的内心，客观世界屈从