Introductiontocriticalthinking(批判性思维介绍)概要1.ppt

* * * * 1.6 Barriers to Critical Thinking If Critical Thinking is so important, why is it that uncritical thinking is so common? Why is that so many people including many highly educated and intelligent people find critical thinking so difficult? 1.6 Barriers to Critical Thinking Lack of relevant background information Poor reading skills Poor listening skills Bias Prejudice Superstition Egocentrism Socio-centrism Peer pressure Mindless Conformism Mindless non-conformism Provincialism Narrow-mindedness Closed-mindedness Distrust of reason Stereotyping Unwarranted assumptions and stereotypes Relativistic thinking Scapegoating Rationalization Wishful thinking Short-term thinking Selective perception / attention Selective memory Overpowering emotions Self-deception Face-saving Fear of change Common Barriers 1.6 Barriers to Critical Thinking Five Powerful Barriers to Critical Thinking: Self-centered thinking self-interested thinking self-serving bias Group-centered thinking Group bias Conformism Beliefs that are presumed to be true without adequate evidence or justification Assumption Stereotyping Believing that something is true because one wishes it were true. The truth is “just a matter of opinion” Relativism Subjectivism Cultural relativism Egocentrism Unwarranted Assumptions Sociocentrism Relativistic Thinking Wishful Thinking I am probably the greatest thinker since Socrates! In a 1989 international study of 13-year-olds, Koreans finished first in mathematics and Americans finished last. Yet when asked whether they thought they were good at mathematics, only 23 percent of Koreans said yes, compared to 68 percent of Americans. Which critical thinking barrier do the American students exhibit: Self-interested thinking Group bias Self-serving bias Conformism 1.6 Mini Quiz – Question 1 1.6 Mini Quiz – Question 2 Which critical thinking barrier does Ali display in this passage? A) Self-interested thinking B) Group bias C) Self-serving