第四讲：指代题.ppt

新托福阅读之——指代题;识别单词间指代关系的能力 主要考察代词、先行词等语法关系 0-2points/set 题目问法固定： The word X in the passage refers to ;分类精读篇目推荐;题型5：指代题;The simplest forms of inequality are based on age and sex. For example, old people may have a high or a low position; women may be ranked below men. But in every society there is another form of inequality that ranks families rather than individuals. If a large number of families are similar to each other in education, income, and values, they constitute a social class. The word they in the passage refers to stratified societies individuals large number of families education, income, and values;Pesticides temporarily increase the productivity of crops, until insects develop genetic resistance to them. The word them in the passage refers to pesticides crops insects soils;1.语法原则：单复数一致，人称一致 （基本所有题目的选项都符合语法原则） 2.前指原则：正确答案必在所考代词之前 3.句内原则：正确答案与所考代词通常在同一句内，除非代词位于句首或出现指代传递现象 4.语义原则：代入并译成中文;1.人称代词 在托福中经常考察的人称代词是they/it；they/it出现在句首通常指前半句或前一句的主语. Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animals daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clocks period close to that of Earths rotation. The word It in the passage refers to an external cue such as sunrise the daily rhythm of an animal the local solar day a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours;With the advent of projection, the viewers relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public-an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. The advent of projection The viewers relationship with the image A simil