The need for ammonia abatement with respect to secondary PM reductions in Europe：（需要减轻氨对二级点减少在欧洲）.pdfVIP

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The need for ammonia abatement with respect to secondary PM reductions in Europe：（需要减轻氨对二级点减少在欧洲）.pdf

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The need for ammonia abatement with respect to secondary PM reductions in Europe：（需要减轻氨对二级点减少在欧洲）

Environmental Pollution 129 (2 4) 159–163 /locate/envpol The need for ammonia abatement with respect to secondary PM reductions in Europe J.W. Erismana,*, M. Schaapb aEnergy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), PO Box 1, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands, bInstitute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (IMAU), University of Utrecht, PO Box 80005, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands Received 2 0June 2 3; accepted 27 August 2 3 ‘‘Capsule’’: Besides those for NO and SO , ammonia emissions need to be decreased to reduce secondary ﬁne PM x 2 eﬀectively. Abstract In Europe, secondary particulate matter (PM) comprises 50% or more of PM 2.5. To reduce PM concentrations requires lowering precursor emissions. Since the 1980s, SO2 emissions have decreased by more than 60%, while particle concentrations have decreased less. NOx and NH3 emissions have decreased slightly. The role of ammonia in particle formation is addressed here. It is shown that secondary PM concentrations can only be eﬀectively reduced if ammonia emissions are decreased in much the same way as those of SO and NO . 2 x # 2 3 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Ammonia; Abatement; Particulate matter; Sulphur; Nitrogen oxides 1. Introduction Therefore, reductions of precursor emissions could