西导作业2.pptVIP

Background to the Renaissance; ;Charlemagne;Charlemagnes contribution to Renaissance;Other Reasons; During the 12th century, a cultural and economical revival took place in Europe;many historians trace the origins of the Renaissance to this time.The balance of economic power slowly began to shift from the region of Mediterranean to that ofa Western Europe.The Gothic style developed in arts and architecture. Now towns began to flourish,and travel, communication bacame faster,safer,and easier.Futhermore,a merchant class began to emerge. Agriculture change one reason for these development.During the 12th century,the cultivation of leguminous crops like beans made a balanced diet available to all social classes for the first time in the Western history.The population repidly expanded, a factor that eventually led to the break up of the old feudal structures.;Architecture;The 13th century saw the climax（顶峰） of medieval civilization.The classic form of Gothic architecture and sculpture had been fully established by the time.Many different kinds of social structures thrived,one after another,including guilds(行会)，civic association, councils and monastic chapters, all of which were based on some masure of autonomy.The crucial legal concept was of course that of representation that resulted in political assembly（政治集会）.However, Western intellectual life was still dominated by the Roman Catholic Church,which tried in vain to conduct some reforms,culminating in(以...告终) the promotion of the philosophical method of Scholasticism.; The missionary chool could not meet with the needs of the newly emerging city residents and the bourgeoisie（中产阶级) who canme into being with the development of handcraft manufacturing（手工制造） and trade.Hence, the establishment of city schools, indepedent of missionary schools, also contributed to the cultural development by providing more knowlege,especially in science, which could not be obtained from missionary schools（教会学校）. In Italy,as ear