繁复与简短-总.ppt

繁复与简短Complex vs. Simplex 杨琳 2013310 唐俊彦 2013307 贾景丽 2013306 繁复与简短 Complex vs. Simplex 英语的繁复（杨琳） 汉语的简短 英汉/汉英翻译中的化繁为简/化简为繁 从属结构(subordination)是现代英语最重要的特点之一。 F. Crews认为，“subordination, the placing of certain elements in modifying roles, is a fundamental principle of writing.” 从句和短语可以充当句子的主要成分和从属成分。从句可以层层环扣，短语往往不短，书面语句子常常显得又繁又长(long-winded)，有的句子可长达100至200个单词，甚至长至整个大段。 现代英语虽较不常用特长的句子，但包孕式的复合句(complex sentences with embedded clauses)仍很常见，因而句子仍然具有一定的长度。 据统计，专业作者写的英语句子平均长度为20个词，受过教育的人写的英语句子平均长度为25个词。 My idea in Orientalism is to use humanistic critique to open up the fields of struggle, to introduce a longer sequence of thought and analysis to replace the short bursts of polemical, thought-stopping fury that so imprison us in labels and antagonistic debate whose goal is a belligerent collective identity rather than understanding and intellectual exchange. (56词) D. Houston 读了中国大学生写的近百篇英语作文之后感叹说, “one of the hardest sentence patterns for Chinese learners of English to grasp, it seems to me, is subordination. Mature English writing is heavily subordinated in multiple layers; coordination is thought of as the sentence pattern of the child and the poorly educated”。 Subordination is the technique of putting together ideas that are unequal in weight so that the relative importance of each will be quickly apparent to reader. Coordination is the technique of using coordinating conjunctions to connect two or more than two sentences. Why English sentences are so complex? 第一、英语词语之间的语法关系，除了通过安排词序来表达外，还常常采用各种各样表示关系和连接的手段，如介词(词组)、连词、关系代词、关系副词、连接代词、连接副词、非谓语动词(词组)、词的形态变化(如词尾变化、格的变化)等等。英语用来连接词、语的这些手段，比起汉语来，显得非常丰富而灵活。 Why English sentences are so complex? 第二、能充当英语句子成分的，有长短几乎不加限制的短语和从句，从句中还可以有从句(dovetail several dependent clauses into each other)，再加上各种并列成分，附加成分(如同位语、插入语、独立成分)，尤其是形形色色的修饰成分，这样一来，这些各式各样的长短成分，通过丰富而灵活的连接手段，可以接成枝叶横生的“参天大树”。 Why English sentences are so complex? 第三、英语句子受亚里士多德的演绎法逻辑思维模式影响，呈句首封闭、句尾开放。定语修饰语可以后置，又有关系词与被修饰语连接，句子可以不断向句尾扩展、延伸。英语还常用先行代词“it”及其他预指性代词，把真正的主语或宾语移到后