范式(paradigm)的词源以及词的本义.docVIP

范式（paradigm）的词源以及词的本义“英文paradigm的词源以及词的本义”《西方哲学英汉对照辞典》(人民出版社)对范式（paradigm）的解释：范式（paradigm）：源自希腊词paradeigma，意指“模范”或“模型”。柏拉图把形式描写为范式——即具有相似性的特殊对象的范式，认为人们审视范式是为了获取知识。柏拉图在《国家篇》里谈到，理想国或许是建立在天国里的范式；在另一篇题为《蒂迈欧篇》的对话里，形式即范式，具有神性的工匠凭借范式构建了感觉世界。在本世纪，美国哲学家T库恩在其经典著作《科学革命的结构》（1962年）中，使用“范式”一词来表示由诸多概念、假设与方法构成的框架，在此框架中科学共同体的成员从事着他们的研究。当某一范式需要变化或转型时，就会发生一场科学革命。“范式转变”的概念是美国著名科学史、科学哲学家托马斯库恩( Thomas S. Kuhn，1922-1996 )在《科学革命的结构》中最早提出的 。“范式”的原文是paradigm，来自希腊文，意指“模范”或“模型” 。作者在此基础上用这个词来说明科学理论发展的某种规律性，即某些重大科学成就形成科学发展中的某种模式，因而形成一定观点和方法的框架。其重要性在于：现实的重大变化往往需要概念上的创新与之相适应。如今，范式这一概念被广泛地用来描述一个时代中普遍被接受的一种广义的模型、框架、思维方式或是一种理解现实的体系。在林超然先生主编的《现代科学哲学教程》中，对范式（paradigm）的论述是这样的：范式（paradigm）一词来自希腊文，用在文法中，表示词形变化如名词变格和动词变位的规则。库恩借用范式一词，是想用来说明他从科学史研究中获得的关于科学发展某种规律性的模式。他认为任何一种常规科学都是一种范式。 ??? 在那本使得库恩享誉盛名的《The Structure of Scientific Revolutions》中，库恩说：I shall henceforth refer to as paradigms, a term that relates closely to normal science. By choosing it, I mean to suggest that somen accepted examples of actual scientific practice—examples which include law, theory, application, and instrumentation together—provide models from which spring particular coherent traditions of scientific research.(p.10)The study of paradigms ... is what mainly prepares the student for membership in the particular scientific community with which he will later practice. (p.10-11)Paradigms gain their status because they are more successful than their competitors in solving a few problems that the group of practioners has come to recognize as acute.(p.23) To discover the relation between rules, paradigms, and normal science, consider first how the historian isolates the paraticular loci of commitment that have just been described as accepted rules. Close historical investigation of a given specialty at a given time discloses a set of recurrent and quasistandard illustrations of various theories in their conceptual, observational, and instrumental applications. These are the communitys paradigms, revealed in its textbooks, lectures, a