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Available online at Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 5492–5497 Pyrolysis of safflower (Charthamus tinctorius L.) seed press cake: Part 1. The effects of pyrolysis parameters on the product yields Sevgi Sensoz a,*, Dilek Angın b ¨ a Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Meselik Campus, 26480 Eskisehir, Turkey b Adapazarı Commodity Exchange, Private Food Control Laboratory, 54040 Sakarya, Turkey Received 18 June 2007; received in revised form 17 October 2007; accepted 18 October 2007 Available online 20 February 2008 Abstract Safflower (Charthamus tinctorius L.) seed press cake was pyrolysed in a fixed-bed reactor. The effects of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate and sweep gas flow rates on the yields of the products were investigated. Pyrolysis runs were performed using pyrolysis temperatures between 400 and 600 C with heating rates of 10, 30 and 50 C min1. The obtained bio-char, gas and bio-oil yields ranged between 25 and 34 wt%, 19 and 25 wt%, and 28 and 36 wt%, respectively, at different pyrolysis conditions. The highest liquid yield was obtained at 500 C pyrolysis temperature with a heating rate of 50 C min1 under the sweep gas of N2 with a flow rate of 100 cm3 min1. Employing the higher heating rate of 50 C min1 results in maximum bio-oil yield, probably due to the decrease in mass transfer limitations. According to the results obtained under the