莎士比亚与戏剧lecture 10 William Shakespeare and his plays： Hamlet.ppt

Lecture 10William Shakespeare ＆ Hamlet;;1. A brief introduction to drama: The term comes from a?Greek?word meaning “action” (which is derived from the verb meaning “to do” or “to act”） . The drama is enacted in?theatre, performed by?actors?on a?stage before an?audience. The?structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by the collaborative production and collective reception.?; The?early modern?tragedy?Hamlet?(1601) by Shakespeare?and the?classical Athenian?tragedy?Oedipus the King?(c. 429 BC) by?Sophocles?（索福克勒斯） are among the masterpieces of the art of drama.?A modern example is?Long Days Journey into Night?by Eugene O’Neill?(1956). ;traditional generic?division： The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic?division between?comedy?and?tragedy. They are symbols of the?ancient Greek?Muses,?Thalia?and?Melpomene. Thalia was the Muse of comedy (the laughing face), while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy (the weeping face). ;Elements： Drama is often combined with?music?and?dance: the drama in?opera is generally sung throughout;?musicals generally include both spoken?dialogue?and?songs; and some forms of drama have?incidental music or musical accompaniment underscoring the dialogue.?In certain periods of history (the ancient?Roman?and modern?Romantic) some dramas have been written to be?read?rather than performed. ;;2.1 Classical Greek drama ◆ Western?drama roughly originated in?the?theatre of ancient Greece 2500 years ago. ◆ three?genres?of drama :?tragedy,comdedy, and the satyr play. ;A tragedy is a form of?drama?based on human?suffering?that invokes in its audience an accompanying?catharsis?or pleasure in the viewing. 亚里斯多德认为悲剧描写的是严肃的事件，是对有一定长度的动作的摹仿；目的在於引起怜悯和恐惧，并导致这些情感的净化。 （An imitation?of a serious, complete action by arousing the emotions of pity and fear in order to purge away their excess, to reduce these passions to a healthy level. ） 鲁迅先生对悲喜剧的定义:悲剧就是把人生有价值的东西毁灭给人看,喜剧就是把无价值的东西