第八篇Adevelopment New drugs.pptVIP

Development of New Drugs;Efficacy 功效、效验 Adverse 不利的、有害的、相反的 Embryo 胚胎 Empirical 经验主义的 Entity 存在物、实物、实体 Enzyme 酶 Evolution 演变、进化 Expectancy 期待、盼望 Fertility 生育力 Genetic 遗传学的、普通的、起源的 Gross 总的、整个的 Haematological 血液学的 ;Histamine 组胺 Hypertension 高血压 Inhibitor 抑制剂、阻化物 Intact 完整的、未经触动的 In-vitro 体外的 Levodopa 左旋多巴 Littermate 同窝仔畜 Marrow脊髓、精华 Monoclonal 单克隆抗的、单细胞的 Mutagenicity 诱变 Nonreproductive 无生殖力的; Novel 新奇的 Organogenesis 器官形成 Paradoxically 矛盾地、似是而非的 Parallel 比较、平行 Parkinsonism 帕金森神经机能障碍 Peptic 助消化的、消化性的 Perfuse 灌注 Primate 灵长目动物 Profile 轮廓、侧面像 Relevance 相关性 Roulette 轮盘赌 Serendipity 意外发现、侥幸、运气;Serial 连续的、排成系列的 Specificity 特征、专一性 Statutory 法定的 Subcellular 亚细胞间 Supervise 监督、管理 Teratogenic 畸形发生的 Thalidomide 沙立度胺、酞胺哌啶酮 Thiazide 噻嗪化物 Toxicity 毒性、毒力 Toxicological 毒理学的 Ulcer 溃疡 Vulnerable 易受伤的、敏感的、脆弱的;Development of New Drugs (1);The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary (多学科的)group in many years of work. Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plant and animal sources. Therapeutic use was empirical (经验的) and based on traditional experience. Over the last 80 years an impressive number of drugs have been synthesized chemically. With the development of genetic engineering (基因工程) and the production of monoclonal antibodies (单克隆抗体)it is likely that even more agents will be produced artificially(人工地). ;The range of novel chemical entities developed has occasionally led to unexpected toxicity. As a consequence, most governments have established bodies to regulate drug marketing, e.g. the committee on Safety of Medicines in Britain, and the Food and Drug Administration in the USA. These agencies supervise clinical research on new drugs and license new products. Although they serve to protect the public and are seen to do so, the statutory procedures that must be followed in applying for a license for a new drug add greatly to the costs and time of development. ;Synthetic techniques have produced pure substances. This has led to increased specificity (专一