网友很全的Argument新总结.docVIP

PAGE  PAGE 5 Argument 典型错误总结 概念差异 与时俱进 因果关系 错误类比 草率推广 非此即彼 调查问题 成本收益 即非充分又非必要 必要而非充分 对比试验 自相矛盾 信息不完整 反证法 概念差异：攻击概念差异的最基本思路是先指出作者所提出的哪两个概念不能划等号，然后再具体说出他们的不同。 如Argument1，运动服销量≠居民对运动的态度。 句式： The author falsely/simply equates A with B. The argument depends on the assumption that A is representative of B. 攻击作者概念不清的句式： Even assuming…, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author’s broader contention that … 攻击词汇定义的句式：有时作者对某一关键词定义不清，或根本没定义，从而导致偷换概念的错误。 A threshold problem involves the definition of A; the author fails to define this critical term. If A is define as…, then … is irrelevant to whether… 时间变化：“与时俱进” The author’s inference that … rests on the poor assumption that during the … (the interim) all conditions upon which their effectiveness depend have remained unchanged. +推测法和列举法other facets. It is assumed without justification that background conditions have remained the same at different times (conditions) This is an unwarranted（unsound）assumption（假设hypothesis） for the simple reason that things rarely remain the same at different conditions( from place to place.)(官方例句) The author commits a fallacy of “all things are equal” in assuming that ….. 因果关系： 句式： The author fails to establish the causal relationship between A and B. Without such evidence, it is equally possible that other factors are instead responsible for… However, the author provides no evidence to support that that is the case, nor does the author establish a causal relationship between A and B. 前后关系混同于因果关系： The author commits a fallacy of “after this, therefore because of this” in assuming that … 攻击相关性混同为因果性错误的句式： While a high correlation is strong evidence of a causal relationship, in itself it is not sufficient. The author has not shown any correlation, let alone a cause-and-effort relationship, between … and … 攻击错误类比 First of all, the argument is based on an incomplete comparison and is wholly unpersuasive by this analogy. The author simply assumes that … but he does not pr