英语语言学笔记(英语专八考试必备).docVIP

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英语语言学笔记 一、绪论   语言学的定义   语言学的研究范畴   几对基本概念   语言的定义   语言的甄别特征   What is linguistics? 什么是语言学? Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言,而是人类所有语言的特性。   The scope of linguistics ×9 语言学研究的范畴 Phonetics语音学 Phonology音系学 Morphology形态学 Syntax句法学 Semantics语义学 Pragmatics语用学 Sociolinguistics社会语言学 Psycholinguistics心理语言学 Applied linguistics应用语言学   Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for correct behavior. Descriptive:a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.   Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations研究 are based on authentic可信, and mainly spoken data数据.   Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on high written language   Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性   The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study   The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study   In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority优先 over diachronic study.   Speech and writing 口头语与书面语   Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons:   (1) speech precedes优先与 writing in terms of evolution 发展,演变   (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing   (3) speech is the form in which infants婴儿 acquire their native language   Language and parole 语言与言语   Language refers to the abstract概要 linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community   Parole refers to the realization实现 of language in actual use   Competence and performance 能力与运用   Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language   Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication   ★ What is language? 什么是语言?   Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication    Chara

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