BIOLOGYGLOSSARY.docVIP

BIOLOGY GLOSSARY Part 1 A abiotic （无生命的） Nonliving materials in the environment—such as elements, sunlight, and soil—that influence and are influenced by living (biotic) entities on the planet. Acetylcholine(乙酰胆素): 运动神经释于一种化学物质,与其接受体结合后，能产生足够的电位变化来引起肌肉运动 A neurotransmitter released from the axons of nerve cells to excite an action potential or trigger a muscle to contract. active immunity（主动免疫） Protective immunity to a disease in which the individual produces antibodies as a result of previous exposures to the antigen. Acids（酸） Hydrogen ion (H+) donors. Acids are very important in the chemical reactions of life because they are highly reactive. Acids have pH values below 7. They are the opposite of bases. actin (肌动蛋白) Protein filaments that, along with myosin, allow muscles to contract. active site（酶活性部分） The part of an enzyme that interacts with, or binds to, a substrate. active transport（主动运输） The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. Because active transport involves moving the molecule against the natural flow of the concentration gradient, the process requires energy. adaptive radiation（适应辐射） ：同起源生物类群演化成多种不同类型的后代，以适应不同环境的现象 The evolutionary process by which ancestral forms of an organism are diversified through adaptation to new environments. adenosine triphosphate (ATP/腺苷三磷酸) The energy storage molecule for the cell. ATP consists of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups. Each phosphate bond contains energy; by breaking these bonds, the cell can get the energy it needs for chemical reactions. Cells build ATP during cell respiration, using the raw material of glucose. adrenal glands（肾上腺） Two glands, the adrenal cortex（肾上腺皮质，分泌可的松【cortisone】，醛固酮【aldosteron，用于调节渗透，控制钠，钾离子的重新吸收】等激素） and adrenal medulla（肾上腺髓质，分泌肾上腺素【adrenaline】）, located on the kidney. aerobic respiration（有氧呼吸） A form of cell respiration requiring oxygen (as opposed to anaerobic respiration, wh