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Anaerobic benzene oxidation coupled to nitrate reduction in pure culture by two strains of Dechlorom.pdf

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Anaerobic benzene oxidation coupled to nitrate reduction in pure culture by two strains of Dechlorom

letters to nature NATURE | VOL 411 | 28 JUNE 2001 | 1039 Comparable textural features are observed in granites. For example, feldspar crystals often display rapakivi texture with an alkali feldspar core mantled by a rim of plagioclase feldspar19. The plagioclase mantle could form from quenching of hotter ma?c magma abruptly mixed with felsic magma20; convective self-mixing, however, could also be responsible. Mantled and unmantled feld- spar crystals are observed in the same thin section21 which could result from localized thermal variations produced by self-mixing. Granites can display, on a local scale, grains of the same phase with contrasting textures, such as large phenocrysts of quartz near to small interstitial grains. There are skeletal and acicular crystal shapes, which are indicative of rapid undercooling and growth, and are consistent with rapid ˉuctuations in magma conditions22. Orogenic granites are also commonly associated with ma?c syn- plutonic intrusions and related ma?c inclusions23±25, showing that the necessary conditions for heating and convective self-mixing are widespread. Convective self-mixing does not require direct involvement of another more ma?c magma to generate the complex textures commonly observed in porphyritic orogenic intermediate and silicic volcanic rocks, although ma?c magma emplaced at the chamber base is the probable heat source. The concept of self- mixing reconciles otherwise puzzling petrological features, and also supports the notion that magma chambers can convect vigorously. M Received 21 December 2000; accepted 30 April 2001. 1. Heiken, G. Eichelberger, J. C. Eruptions at Chaos Crags, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 7, 443±481 (1980). 2. Clynne, M. A. A complex magma mixing origin for rocks erupted in 1915, Lassen Peak, California. J. Petrol. 40, 105±132 (1999). 3. Devine, J. D. et al. Petrologic evidence for pre-eruptive pressure±temperature conditions, and recent reheating, of