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125 Years of Liquid Crystals—A Scientific Revolution in the Home.pdf

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125 Years of Liquid Crystals—A Scientific Revolution in the Home

Essays Liquid Crystals T. Geelhaar,* K. Griesar, B. Reckmann — 125 Years of Liquid Crystals—A Scientific Revolution in the Home Patterns of communication : Reinitzer’s discovery of liquid crystals in 1888 was followed by 30 years of scholarly dispute. One hundred years later, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contribution to this sci- entific revolution. The commercial suc- cess of liquid crystals was achieved in display applications. Today more than 4 billion people use them in mobile communication devices. Painting: Detail from Raphael’s School of Athens fresco. .Angewandte Essays 2 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 2 – 14 These are not the final page numbers! Liquid Crystals DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301457 125 Years of Liquid Crystals—A Scientific Revolution in the Home** Thomas Geelhaar,* Klaus Griesar, and Bernd Reckmann displays · history of science · industrial chemistry · liquid crystals · materials science In 2013 Angewandte Chemie celebrates its 125th birthday. It is also the 125th year since liquid crystals were first discovered. Modern life would be unimaginable without liquid crystals because they have found their way into so many products we use today. Hardly any other high-tech material has become so widespread so quickly. The millions of people owning a tablet computer enjoy its brilliant display without as much as an inkling of the liquid crystals between the glass plates and polarizers. What is the story behind the discovery of liquid crystals in 1888? At that time microscopes were widely used in scientific research, notably in botany and histology. And polarizing microscopes were frequently used in mineralogy and crystal- lography.[1] Not only scientists, however, were showing an interest in microscopy: the microscopic study of radiolaria (protozoa that produce intricate mineral skeletons) and diatoms (algae with a cell wall made of silica) led Ernst Haeckel to pub