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Hairy root type plant in vitro systems as sources of bioactive substances.pdf

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Hairy root type plant in vitro systems as sources of bioactive substances

MINI-REVIEW Hairy root type plant in vitro systems as sources of bioactive substances Milen I. Georgiev Atanas I. Pavlov Thomas Bley Received: 30 October 2006 /Revised: 15 January 2007 /Accepted: 21 January 2007 / Published online: 10 February 2007 # Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract “Hairy root” systems, obtained by transforming plant tissues with the “natural genetic engineer” Agro- bacterium rhizogenes, have been known for more than three decades. To date, hairy root cultures have been obtained from more than 100 plant species, including several endangered medicinal plants, affording opportuni- ties to produce important phytochemicals and proteins in eco-friendly conditions. Diverse strategies can be applied to improve the yields of desired metabolites and to produce recombinant proteins. Furthermore, recent advances in bioreactor design and construction allow hairy root-based technologies to be scaled up while maintaining their biosynthetic potential. This review highlights recent prog- ress in the field and outlines future prospects for exploiting the potential utility of hairy root cultures as “chemical factories” for producing bioactive substances. Keywords Agrobacterium rhizogenes . Hairy roots . Secondary metabolites . Bioreactors Introduction From time immemorial, mankind has been highly depen- dent on plants as sources of proteins, carbohydrates and fats (Rao and Ravishankar 2002). Furthermore, the volume and range of phytochemicals used by modern society (inter alia as drugs, nutrients, cosmetic additives and biopesticides) are continuously expanding. Currently, more than 25% of all prescribed medicines used in industrialized countries are derived either directly or indirectly from plants, and annual sales of these products in the USA alone exceeded 30 billion dollars in 2002 (Raskin et al. 2002; Fowler 2006). These high demands are driving efforts to develop new ways to produce plant-derived metabolites. Plant in vitro techniques, in which plant cells, ti