9-Stative and Dynamic.pptVIP

语言系统比较 静态与动态 Stative vs. Dynamic 概述 英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态（stative）；汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态（dynamic）。R. Quirk等人对静态和动态曾作如下解释： Broadly speaking, nouns can be characterized naturally as ‘stative’ in that they refer to entities that are regarded as stable, whether these are concrete (physical) like house, table, paper, abstract (of the mind) like hope, botany, length. At the opposite pole, verbs can be equally naturally characterized as ‘dynamic’, they are fitted (by their capacity to show tense and aspect for example) to indicate action, activity and temporary or changing conditions. 英语的静态 英语的静态倾向，主要表现在以下几方面： 一、名词化（Nominalization）是英语常见的现象。 名词化主要指用名词来表达原来属于动词（或形容词）所表达的概念，如用抽象名词来表达动作、行为、变化、状态、品质、情感等概念。S. Potter在Changing English一书中曾指出英语“名词优势于动词”的倾向（preponderance of nouns over verbs）。这种名词优势往往可以使表达比较简洁，造句比较灵活，行文比较自然，也便于表达较为复杂的思想内容。试比较： 英语的静态 The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily. The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery. 医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。 英语的静态 运用名词化表达法（nominal style)可以使叙述较为准确，贴切，但也会使语言抽象、难解。英美不少语言学者都指出英语有过分使用名词的习惯（noun habit）。名词使用多了，与之相随的介词（尤其是of短语）也必然增多，与此同时，富有活力和生气的动词也就相应减少，弱化动词be的各种形式成了hard-workers和heavy-duty words，这就使英语的静态倾向更加明显。如： The effect of the overuse of nouns in writing is the placing of too much strain upon the verbs and the resultant prevention of movement of the thought. 英语的静态 这一句子充满了名词、动名词和介词，其唯一的谓语动词是“is”。这个软弱的动词必须拉动一个满载名词的主语，还必须推动两个满载名词的表语，这就使整个句子缺乏动态感。若将部分名词改为动词，即可分担句子的负荷，化静态为动态： One who overuses nouns in writing places too much strain upon verbs and as a result prevents the thought from moving along. 写作时过分使用名词，势必给动词增加太多的负担，因而阻碍思路畅通。 英语的静态 二、用名词表示施事者（Agentive Noun），以代替动词。 英语除了用抽象名词表示行为和动作（如realized—realization，complete—completion）等概念外，还常用含有行为和动作意义的普通名词代替动词。大量由动词派生（如以-er或-or结尾）的名词既表示施事者，又保留原来动词的意义。这类名词常常与前置形容词构成静态结构： A hard worker = someone who works hard A slow wal