考研英语(学科教学)准备资料.docxVIP

“Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeabilityBy “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.Linguists refer “duality” (of structure) to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning“Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present.function: the use of language to communicate, inclucle imformative,performative,interpersonal,phatic,recreational and metalingual.The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contactsRecreational function娱乐功能 The use of language for the sheer joy of using it. E.g. singing, poetry writing.Metalingual function元语言功能 The use of language to make statements about language itself.Interpersonal function人际功能 Language serves to establish and maintain social relations between peopleEmotive function感情功能 The use of language to reveal the feelings and attitudes of the speakerPerformative行事功能 Language can be used to do things, to perform action. Phonetics语音学（研究speech sounds）is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.Phonology音位学（研究speech sounds的结构分布排序规则）studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.Morphology形态学（研究最小词义）studies the minim